Divine Wind - Racism Essay -- essays research papers

The Divine Wind portrays an Australia that is discolored by bigotry, disdain and doubt, but then the novel finishes on an idealistic note. Do you concur? The tale is set during a World War. The strain and partition of races during a war appeared to be apparent in Australia. As a multicultural nation including Japanese and Aborigine populace, clashing mentalities towards these races must be inevitable. I completely concur with the above proclamation because of the inconsistent treatment of the natives, pressure between the Japanese populace and characters, for example, Hart indicating absence of trust over his sweetheart Mitsy With a war against the Japanese was the trigger for prejudice in Australia. All through the novel components of partition are introduced. The Japanese are to some degree isolated from white Australians. Above all else Broome has a â€Å"Register of Aliens†, this was a register or rundown that monitored remote individuals. This inferred outsiders were viewed as outsiders and that they didn’t truly have a place in Australia. The Sennosukes’ names must be changed in light of the fact that their unique names appeared â€Å"†¦too unfamiliar to our ears.† The Japanese living zone is Chinatown shows the peruser that maybe whites have placed the Japanese into their own little region. Chinatown contains houses that are far littler and all in all with little fortunes dissimilar to the white Australians. It is the expansive mentality towards the Japanese that makes a war and unendingly murders Alice. Natives are dealt with inconsistent and are minimized in Broo...

Psychological Factors Affecting Consumer Behavior Free Essays

It has been expressed that â€Å"marketing the executives settles upon some origination or other of how purchasers carry on (Foxall 2001).† I will continue to illustrate, starting with a review of customer conduct as it identifies with the mental variables that cause one to agree to a given solicitation, through to an assessment of the different patterns in promoting which are intelligent of shoppers changing requests as they react to world occasions and cultural advancement, why it is fundamental that advertisers comprehend and assess buyer conduct. I will likewise illustrate, using models, how different associations are utilizing explicit procedures dependent on their comprehension of customer conduct to create record development and benefit in the commercial center. We will compose a custom exposition test on Mental Factors Affecting Consumer Behavior or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Mental Factors Affecting Consumer Behavior As one social analyst has named the â€Å"weapons of influence,† there give off an impression of being sure main impetuses in human instinct, or programmed mental triggers, that move people to react in unsurprising manners to given solicitations (Cialdini 1993, p.3). One such power is the standard of Reciprocation, whereby one feels committed to restore some help that has been given him (Cialdini 1993, p.17). This guideline is most plainly confirm by the consumer’s common propensity to purchase an item from somebody after he has been broadened a generosity or favor from him. It has been shown that this mental guideline of the strain to restore some help with some help is solid to such an extent, that it even outperforms the need to like the individual broadening the kindness (Cialdini 1993, p.21). One case of the standard of response at work has been prove by the fiercely effective promoting methodology of the Hare Krishna Society, an eastern strict group known for its sales of assets from bystanders out in the open spots (Cialdini 1993, p.22). Having been for the most part fruitless at raising assets through conventional strategies for reciting in the city while asking for gifts, the gathering contrived a splendid procedure that basically conjured the standards of response (Cialdini 1993, p.22). As an individual would cruise by, a Society part, instead of request a gift at first, would hand the clueless individual a blossom, offering it as an unconditional present from the Society and not tolerating its arrival under any conditions. At exactly that point would the Society part request a gift (Cialdini 1993, p.22). The reaction was overpowering, and a demonstration of the phenomenal intensity of response. The individual, mindful that he had been given a blessing and feeling the strain to respond, was frequently constrained to react with a gift (Cialdini 1993, p.24). Another ground-breaking mental rule in a marketer’s arms stockpile of devices is the responsibility and consistency factor (Cialdini 1993, p. 37). It has been found that individuals feel an extremely amazing drive to be reliable once they have invested in something (Cialdini 1993, p. 37). A case of this guideline at play is seen through the contribution of tribute challenges by such enormous name organizations as Proctor Gamble and General Foods (Cialdini 1993, p.39). In these challenges, the organizations request that members compose short expositions, frequently for enormous prizes, which incorporate acclaim for the companies’ items. Normally no buy is required; what is progressively significant is that by compelling potential clients to record, recorded as a hard copy, acclaim for the company’s item, the organization depends on the mental drive of the person to accept what he has composed (Cialdini 1993, p 40). Aside from the mental triggers that convince people to follow given solicitations, advertisers must look to comprehend the similarly interesting mental procedures at work in the oblivious brain that cause purchasers to pick one specific strategy, or item, over another (Zaltman 2003, p.53). One case of such an oblivious procedure can be found in the staggering inclination of clients to pick an item offered for $9.99 over an indistinguishable one offered for $10.00 (Zaltman 2003, p64). Shopper Need: Practicality Or Emotionality? It has been expressed that, in spite of prevalent thinking, individuals don't so much purchase things they don’t need, yet that the need is regularly founded more upon feelings and emotions than it is upon concrete physical need (Danziger 2004, p.1). Despite the fact that the GDP in the United States has to a great extent been created by shopper spending since 1929-an entire 60 to 70 percent of it-â€Å"the way customers [generally] go through their cash has changed fundamentally in the course of recent years (Danziger 2004, p.3).† It is guaranteed that, â€Å"today, more than 40 percent of purchaser spending is discretionary†¦ dependent on needs, not needs (Danziger 2004, p.4).† Changing Trends And Their Affect On The Marketplace Another significant factor in foreseeing buyer conduct includes changing patterns in the commercial center. Advertisers must be ever careful to customers’ changing necessities as society advances and new occasions cause consumers’ needs and needs to alter as needs be. An away from of this is seen by the genuinely late change in menu determinations offered by cheap food chains, for example, McDonald’s and Burger King. Reacting to a worry over the rising tide of weight in the U.S. also, around the globe and consumers’ expanding want to keep up more beneficial ways of life, such cheap food aggregates have been adding more advantageous decisions to their menu determinations which incorporates plates of mixed greens, apple cuts rather than French fries, etc (Plunkett Research 2005). Another case of an adjustment in customer conduct was reflected in consumers’ reaction to the lamentable occasions of September 11, 2001. The carrier business, confronting gigantic difficulties because of consumers’ new hesitance to go via air inspired by a paranoid fear of another psychological oppressor assault, had to experience monstrous restructurings to suit the new condition forced upon them (Plunkett Research 2005). Shoppers, wishing to accommodate their feelings of dread and need to diminish uses with the longing to keep getting a charge out of and encountering life of course, were scanning for ways-and deals to empower them to do this. Henceforth, there started a move in the aircraft business away from extravagance to economy, as rebate carriers started setting the new standard for air travel by drawing travelers with cost, not advantages (Plunkett Research 2005). With Southwest Airlines and JetBlue standing out, these carriers have made progress and productivity reacting to consumers’ changed requirements, essentially by cutting upkeep, working and work costs, for example, by offering a solitary plane stage and an open-seating strategy (Plunkett Research 2005). Meanwhile, obviously, as full-administration carriers have attempted to contend with the expanding accomplishment of the rebate model, a few, similar to Delta, have started building up their own minimal effort models, which figure out how to minimize expenses by recruiting more youthful flight teams. Another brilliant illustration of marketers’ need to comprehend and anticipate shopper conduct comes as the generally late marvel of online conveyance and robbery or burglary of copyrighted music and video documents ((Plunkett Research 2005). Compelled to adjust to this pattern following a 2002-2003 decrease in music incomes, music organizations have been looking for approaches to defend their records â€Å"from illicit download and distribution,† just as to benefit from the web rage by discovering strategies by which to disseminate their documents through legitimate methods by means of the web (Plunkett Research 2005).† Reacting to this need, iTunes Music Store, an advanced help gave by Apple Computer, Inc.,was propelled in 2003, and it offers music records for download over the web (Plunkett Research 2005). On an alternate front, car producers have been reacting to consumers’ rising worry over raising gas costs, which arrived at a record-high in September 2005 of $3.01 per gallon (Plunkett Research 2005). Subsequent to enduring tremendous misfortunes on their lines of minivans, pickups and game utility vehicles (SUVs), the â€Å"big three† U.S. producers, Ford, GM and Chrysler, are concentrating on raising eco-friendliness for these greater models (Plunkett Research 2005). What's more, as outside vehicle organizations like Toyota, Honda, and BMW have kept on taking deals from U.S. car makers, in part because of a notoriety for delivering more excellent vehicles, these American makers have been reacting by structuring new product offerings, for example, the colossally effective Chysler 300C, with its â€Å"eye-getting flame broil and square shaped, rich plan (Plunkett Research 2005).† In entirety, in the case of reacting to a consumer’s instinctual drives, which direct that the person in question will probably respond with a particular goal in mind to a given improvement, or assessing the commercial center and buyer conduct dependent on world occasions and evolving needs, promoting the executives does undoubtedly lay on an origination of how shoppers will carry on, presently and later on. The most effective method to refer to Psychological Factors Affecting Consumer Behavior, Essay models

Tagalog Essay Topics

Tagalog Essay TopicsStudents from Tagalog countries, including the Philippines, are expected to write essays on Tagalog topic. The research shows that essay topics on Tagalog are to be rich in meaning. This is why students who are asked to write a Tagalog essay need to know how to choose appropriate essay topics.Many school teachers and college professors will request students to write a discussion essay that aims to improve students' knowledge and understanding of the topic under study. Another major topic that students will be asked to write an essay on would be writing about a documentary film. These topics require the students to understand the importance of culture and community in the country and to analyze their own nation.Writing about a topic that affects a group of people is a difficult task to accomplish. In this situation, students must be able to clearly communicate the thesis of the piece, explaining the main points, the proof that they use, and the supporting arguments in order to convince others that their view is correct. It is important for students to be passionate about the subject matter.They may decide to write a thesis statement or simply state their personal belief or opinion. In either case, the main idea of the essay is to provide the readers with what they want to know, as opposed to trying to convince them to accept your point of view. Presenting arguments and facts that support your view may be one way to present your argument effectively.Another key reason why students must write about Tagalog essay topics are that there are many dialects and regional variations among different people. Since so many people speak different languages, even those who were born in the same place can be different from each other. Writing about these dialects will help the readers to distinguish between the various dialects, thus making it easier for them to read your essay.If you wish to add flair to your essay topic by choosing Tagalog as the language of the essay, do not forget that you should write about a documentary film that has a message. A good example of this is the movie 'Gomen, Kaya?' which depicts a story about people who try to solve real-life problems through better thinking and their social skills.Students who are from the Philippines, but live in other countries like the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom will find that their choice of topics may not be suitable for them. This is because most of the Filipino students learn English at school. There are schools and colleges in the Philippines that offers students learning opportunities to speak English. As a result, students can still have a better understanding of their homeland if they choose to write about Tagalog topic.Students from all regions and nations are expected to write about interesting topics when they are assigned to write a Tagalog essay. They need to make sure that they understand the cultural differences in their own homeland. By understa nding the intricacies of culture, the students will be able to improve their reasoning skills and improve their ability to communicate effectively. By writing in a way that conveys the original meaning of the text, it will be easier for students to understand and appreciate the importance of their own culture.

Childhood Vaccinations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 998 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Essay Did you like this example? Introduction It is no secret that America has become a great melting pot of people. With such diversity comes the question, how do we keep our children healthy and safe from illness? Many question the safety and benefits, or lack thereof, of childhood vaccinations. Are they truly safe? Are they necessary? The answer is YES! The benefits far outweigh the risks of vaccinating todays youth. Childhood vaccinations should be mandatory to those able to receive them to keep our future generations healthy. Vaccines are among the greatest, and most effective ways to prevent infectious diseases. And while its natural to want to understand the potential risks of vaccinations, it is also crucial in understanding the benefits. A parent will never realize know how many times their child will in contact with a vaccine-preventable disease or how many times their child will make use of their vaccine-induced immunity. Vaccinations are considered one of the greatest public health successes of the last century (Immunization). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Childhood Vaccinations" essay for you Create order The primary benefit of vaccinations is that it prevents disease. Incidence rates in the spread of vaccine-preventable diseases are at an all-time low. This low can be attributed directly to the invention of vaccines. While the diseases we vaccinate against have dropped, they have not been totally eradicated. This is why it must be mandatory that any able-bodied child should be vaccinated (Immunization). Vaccines can spare a childs life. In light of advances in medicinal science, children are now be able to be safeguarded against more diseases than any time in recent memory. A few infections that once harmed or murdered a large number of children, have been eradicated totally and others are near eradication, basically because of safe vaccines. Polio is one case of the incredible effect that vaccinations have had in the United States. While it was once one of the most dreaded illnesses, wreaking havoc across the country, there are no more instances of polio being reported in the US, all thanks to vaccines (Mandatory, 2015). Vaccines saves lives and protects our future generations from disease. They protect the people we care about. Vaccines not only promote our bodies power to prevent and heal, they also protect those whose bodies are not able to prevent and heal themselves. When a child is vaccinated, they prevent disease from being spread to others. Individuals, children and adults, with weakened immune systems depend on the healthy population to get vaccinated to help keep the spread of disease low (Immunization). Not only do vaccines save lives, they are also cost effective and can save families time and money. When a child becomes ill due to a preventable disease, it creates a costly impact on the family as a whole. It can mean absenteeism from school, costly doctor visits, being admitted into the hospital, and parents often having to miss work to take care of the sick child. Prevention should always be the first option in protecting children, because it is more cost effective than searching for a cure after the child has become ill. Most vaccines are covered by insurances and even low-income families now have affordable access to these life-saving vaccines (Mandatory, 2015). Simply put, vaccines are safe. Since vaccines are administered to millions of children and adults every year, they are extensively tested before ever being allowed to be given to the public. Before a vaccine can pass inspection by the FDA, it is tested in labs around the world. All of the data collected is then is then used to determine if a vaccine is suitable enough to administered on a large scale. Once a vaccine is approved, the FDA starts to administer it to controlled groups of individuals to see what kinds of adverse reactions may occur. By the time a vaccine is fully approved to be given to the public, it has already been tested on hundreds, if not thousands, of individuals. Even after full approval is given, the FDA continues to test and re-test to make sure the potency and efficacy of the vaccine stays consistent (Ellenberg, Chen). There are several large databases that help the FDA track and monitor vaccines once they are released to the public. The most advanced database is called VAERS or Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System. This system is managed by the FDA and the CDC to monitor vaccines for signs of adverse reactions, safety issues, and such. VAERS helps the government determine which side effects are worth looking into and which side effects are just coincidence and are no relation to the vaccine itself (Ellenberg, Chen). Now even with all of the testing and regulations that are put into place, there are many who still say that vaccines are not safe. One popular myth is that vaccines cause autism. This myth was brought about back in the early 1990s when a doctor conducted a small study and published it in a well-known medical journal. This study involved only 12 children and he concluded that the vaccine known as MMR was directly linked to causing autism in children. Even though later on his finding were found to be fabricated and his conclusion to be false information, people still latched on to this idea and had fanned the fears of parents worldwide (Kaufman). Conclusion A lot of these fears come from parents trying to haphazardly educate themselves on the safety of vaccines, often leaning on the advice found in social media chat rooms, parental groups and other non-credible sources. More often than not, they end up being misinformed because they choose to believe what they hear and not what science has proven. And while every parent has a right to worry about the safety of their child, they also have to understand the risk of exposing other children and families to preventable diseases by not vaccinating their child. There is over 30 years of research conducted on whether or not vaccinations are linked to autism and the vast majority of the medical community says no, it is not (Kennedy, et al).

The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1731 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Sleep Deprivation Essay Did you like this example? Sleep is an important biological necessity that all people need to maintain a healthy lifestyle. It helps people work at an optimum level and is critical for brain functioning, helping with all the cognitive functions such as memory, learning, decision making, and critical thinking. This makes sleep extremely important for academic performance. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance" essay for you Create order However, research shows that not everyone is getting enough sleep to function properly, especially college students. Researchers state that sleep deprivation is one of the main reasons college students receive low academic scores aside from stress which contributes to sleep deprivation. The purpose of this research proposal is to examine what contributes to sleep deprivation and see how it then affects academic performance. The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance Sleep is a vital necessity for people to live a healthy lifestyle in which they can function well and think properly. It helps with memory consolidation, learning, decision-making, and critical thinking (Gilbert Weaver, 2010). Therefore, sleep deprivation is necessary for keeping these cognitive functions at an optimal level for performance wherever the person may be, whether it be at work, home, or even school. Unfortunately, not everyone receives adequate amounts of sleep in order to function properly throughout the day. These poor performances as a result of poor sleep quality and sleep deprivation is especially evident among college students. Since college students have such busy work, school, and social schedules to keep up with, their sleep cycles become negatively affected by it. They tend to have irregular sleep-cycles depending on the day of the week and report dissatisfaction with sleep as a result of poor sleep quality (Gilbert Weaver, 2010). Causes of Sleep Deprivation There are many causes as to why sleep deprivation occurs in college students. In a study done by Ahrberg and his colleagues (2012), they found that different modes of stress affect the circadian sleep rhythms of the students. OF these modes of stress, stress from work and school are the most prevalent. A working student can feel stress from going to school, then working to hard at their job, and then having to come home to do more schoolwork until the early hours of the day. Students who do not have a job may also feel the same stresses as working students if they spend too much time procrastinating and have to spend time working on schoolwork until the early morning as well. Ahrberg and his colleagues (2012) also state that as a result of sleeping this late, sleep deprivation acts as another stressor on the student. More causes of sleep deprivation as stated by Tsai and Li (2004), are gender and grade differences. In Tsai and Lis study, they found that female students tend to receive lesser sleep with poorer sleep quality and more awakenings in the middle of the night compared to male students. The male students would receive more sleep with better quality. This is because women went to bed later but rose earlier. According to Tsai and Li (2004), younger students such as college freshmen also tended to sleep less than college seniors no matter what their gender. This may be because of fewer workloads and the more relaxed attitude of college seniors since they have their life more balanced out as opposed to the incoming freshmen that are just trying to figure things out. The college freshmen may feel more stress as they try to balance having a social life and keeping up with their academics at the same time. As a result, sleep deprivation can be caused by both gender differences and grade differe nces. Sleep Deprivation and Academic Performance Many studies in the past have shown that sleep deprivation does correlate with poor academic performance because of lower abilities in cognition as a result of poor sleep quality. In the study done by Gilbert and Weaver (2010), the two researchers found that sleep loss interferes with a students academic, extracurricular and vocational choices. They also found that the amount of hours students sleep in a 24-hour period has greatly decreased over the years while sleep dissatisfaction has increased. Another study done by Medeiros and three other colleagues (2001), found a correlation between poor academic performances and sleep deprivation but in this study, they analyzed how irregular sleep cycles can be the result of different days of the week. For example, their participants tended to have prolonged sleep during the weekends because of their loss of sleep during the weekdays because of school (Medeiros et al., 2001). Since humans have the tendency to continue sleeping late as the re sult of their human circadian rhythm, sleep deprivation is further worsened (Medeiros et al., 2001). As stated before by Ahrberg and his colleagues (2012), stress can also worsen the desynchronization of circadian rhythms and make people moody and cause them to not be as alert as they should be. In a similar study done by Kelly, W. and two other colleagues (2001), they also found that sleep deprivation greatly affects a students ability to perform well in their classes. This is evident through the students GPAs. Kelly and colleagues reported that people who slept 9 hours or more in a 24-hour period had significantly higher GPAs than short sleepers who sleep 6 hours or less in a 24-hour period. These short sleepers also tended to show signs of anxiousness, were less creative, more neurotic, and more prone to hallucinate as well (Kelly, Kelly, Clanton, 2001). Hypothesis/Rationale The purpose of this research is to examine what contributes to sleep deprivation and see how it then affects academic performance. Past research has shown the effects of stress, gender, and grade differences on sleep deprivation. It would also be interesting to see if there are other factors that worsen sleep deprivation. Hypothesis: Participants who are female, have high amounts of stress, and are college freshmen are more likely to experience more sleep deprivation and as a result perform poorly academically. Method Participants The data will be collected from undergraduate psychology students at the California State University of Long Beach. The expected students ages would range between 18 and 23. Around 150 participants are expected to be selected through a cluster sampling procedure, where 75 participants would be males and 75 participants would be females. These students would be chosen in an introductory psychology class after taking a test. The participants would be asked to complete a survey regarding their sleep patterns, stress levels during the semester, pre-test, and post-test, and their academic performance such as GPA and how they perform in class. Materials and Measures Materials. Paper and pencils would be needed to distribute the surveys to the participants in the classroom. Measures. Demographics such as gender and grade level will be collected because past research has shown that females are more likely to become victims of poor sleep quality and sleep deprivation while it also depends on their grade level differences (Tsai Li, 2004). It would also be interesting to see whether or not ethnicity correlates with sleep deprivation in any way and how it affects their academic performance. For this experiment, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) will be used to measure the subjective sleep quality in participants (Ahrberg, Dresler, Niedermaier, Steiger, Genzel, 2012). The 6-point Kunins faces scale will also be used to measure stress in the participants, along with a survey of five questions regarding their thoughts on their academic performance in the class. Procedure Before the day the survey will be taking place, the professor of the introduction to psychology class will be asked for permission to have the survey take place in their classroom after the students have completed one of the midterm exams for the class. After getting the professors consent to work in his classroom, a schedule would be set for the day the survey will take place. On the day of the survey, one of the researchers for this study will enter the classroom to greet the students before their midterm exam and to inform them of the survey that will be taking place after the exam if the students choose to participate. The participants would be informed by the researcher that the results would be confidential and anonymous, and if he or she feels the need to leave at any time during the survey they may do so without feeling uncomfortable in any way and without receiving any penalties. The students would be asked to stay behind after they have completed their exams to complete the survey. Once a student has completed his or her midterm exam, they student would bring up their exam to the front of the classroom to hand their exam in. Then the researcher supervising that classroom would hand the student a survey for them to complete if they choose to. On the first page of the survey, the participant would be given a consent form to read and sign regarding the experiment. After reading and signing the consent forms, he or she would understand that the experiment is investigating what causes sleep deprivation and how sleep deprivation affects academic performance. In the survey the participant would be asked a total of 18 questions regarding their sleep patterns, stress levels during the semester, pre-test, and post-test, and their academic performance. The first section of the survey, which would be a PSQI, would be made up of 10 questions related to sleep habits over a one-month period and includes subscales assessing sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep distur bances, and daytime-dysfunction (Ahrberg, Dresler, Niedermaier, Steiger, Genzel, 2012). This section should take about 5 minutes. The second section of the survey would consist of three of Kunins faces scale to measure stress levels during the semester, pre-test, and post-test. This section should take about 1 minute. The final section of the survey would consist of five questions asking about the participants academic performance. These questions would pertain to the participants GPA, their ability to focus in class, how they work with other students in the class, their ability to stay awake in class, and their overall mood during class. After completing the survey, the participant will be thanked for participating in the study and will be given a cup of coffee or hot chocolate as a reward and to keep them awake in the rest of their classes, and they will finally be dismissed. References Ahrberg, K., Dresler, M., Niedermaier, S., Steiger, A., Genzel, L. (2012). The interaction between sleep quality and academic performance. Journal of Psychiatric Research. Advance online publication. https://dx.doi.org.mcc1.ilbrary.csulb.edu/10.1016/j.jpsychires

Romeo And Juliet True Love - 1578 Words

-Cebrian 1 Magdalena Cebrian 02/16/17 Cid, English 1 2A Romeo and Juliet: True love The love that Romeo and Juliet had was very intense they weren’t supposed to be together because of family feud. The capulets and montagues are two different families that have different things that aren t common on each other. Due to this Romeo and Juliet are conscious that what they have can t happen but true love can cause people to take many risk. For example Romeo and Juliet can’t be together but they can decide to be together without there parents knowing that they feel in love and that they are planning to get married without their parents permission because their love is more important than what their families think about the difference and†¦show more content†¦Those two type of families can’t get along they don t even live in the same place. Each family is in different locations and both the montagues and capulets can’t be together at anytime.Based on this we know what Romeo and Juliet can’t be seen together. Romeo and Juliet love each other, they both go through many different things that don t allow them to be together not only because of family feud but other things that come through their life s at the end of everything that they go through Romeo proposed to Juliet and she said yes they both get married knowing that they can t because their families won t accept that they can be together. But when you truly love someone the way Romeo and Juliet do then you can confront everyone that tells you that you aren t doing the right things or tell you anything negative. You can get through everything despite what other people tell you. You can do whatever comes through your life because you have your partner the person who will be with you the rest of your life the person that will support you through everything just the way Romeo did. Since the montagues and capulets can t be together Romeo and Juliet still wanted to be together and went ahead and got married they both took the risk, it all happened without their parents knowing. But overall you can t really stop anyone from falling in love with someone because when you re in love nothing can matter not even whatShow MoreRelatedNot True Love in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay2819 Words   |  12 PagesShakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet – popularly considered by many to be the quintessential love story of all time – is a play that we are all familiar with in one way or another. 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There is loyalty between friends and family, betrayal against Romeo and Juliet and there is true love, shown between the two star cross lovers Loyalty is a large section of this play, it is shown within the actions ofRead MoreThe Different Types of Love Presented in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1204 Words   |  5 PagesThe Different Types of Love Presented in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare has written many plays, especially a lot of tragedies. The most famous of all Shakespeares plays is Romeo and Juliet, enjoyed by different generations down the years. The majority of the play takes place in the attractive small city of Verona, in the north of Italy. The play has been adapted in books, ballet and films. Romeo and Juliet is a play about a young man and a young womanRead MoreTrue Love, or Loving Truly?638 Words   |  3 PagesTrue love, two words that reminds people of sappy romance stories, Disney princesses, and Romeo and Juliet. But were Romeo and Juliet really in love? With the word â€Å"true† implying that something is real, and â€Å"love† meaning â€Å"a feeling of strong or constant affection for a person† (Merriam-Webster online). True love has been taken by society to mean a real love, something that was meant to be. What traits would a true love have? For starters, there must be trust between the two people and constantRead MoreRomeo Juliet: a Superficial Love1000 Words   |  4 Pages1D7-05 C. Bucci May 23, 2008 Romeo Juliet: Superficial Love There are infinite ways to define love. Love has become such an ambiguous and vague term, though it is one of the most recognizable of human emotions. It has existed as far back as humans remember and love has been a source of interest and inspiration in the Arts, Religion, Sciences, and most popularly, in Literature. The most memorable and popular work of love is William Shakespeare’s tragic Romeo Juliet. What is so remarkable about

Practices and Motives of Oskar Schindler Essay Sample free essay sample

How did Oskar Schindler chiefly use the list of Judaic workers as a agency of doing money instead than salvaging the lives of his Judaic workers? Oskar Schinder who is credited for salvaging the lives of 1. 200 Jews in Europe was born on 28Thursdayof April 1908 in Czechoslovakia. His faith was Christianity and was a man of affairs in Poland during 1930s -1940s. He was an timeserving man of affairs. Schindler died in 1974. My chief focal point in this essay will be on his morality that is. if was he justified under any circumstance to take advantage of the Judaic state of affairs to work their labour for his selfish motivations. Schindler who is good known because of salvaging the Jews from being killed by the Nazi’s in Poland during the Second World War. His was born in 1908 at a topographic point called Zwittan. His household. a Catholic spoke German linguistic communication and was located in the Sudetenland. We will write a custom essay sample on Practices and Motives of Oskar Schindler Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Schindler became an applied scientist after fall ining the German grammar school. His household wanted him to analyze good in school so that he would take over his father’s farm machinery works. In school he met people from different races some of them Jews but fortuitously or unluckily he neer formed a permanent friendly relationship with any of them. Shortly after German conjured Sudeten in 1938. Schindler joined the Nazi party where he before this. Schindler was a member of Konrad Heinlein’s party for the Sudeten Germans this was because it was a party of the German speech production people who lived in Sudetenland. He was married to Emily though their matrimony was short lived as Schindler was an alcoholic and an heathen. He even became a womaniser who fathered two illicit kids. He divorced with his married woman Franziska Luser when he was 27 old ages old. After he finished schooling. he stated working as a salesman though he neer stayed in one occupation for long. He kept on seeking one after the other. He was besides making the same in the concern where he experimented on many concerns but unluckily he became belly-up because of the great depression that had locked the state that started in 1927 and this depression continued up to the late thirtiess. In 1920s. ( Steinhouse H. 1994 ) Oskar Schindler helped his male parent where acted as his salesman in his concern. Subsequently after he left his male parents work. he went to work in the Moravian electric company as a salesman. It is this occupation that made him travel to Poland on a concern mission. After some clip Schindler came to develop an involvement in the metropolis and eventually he went to remain at that place. The metropolis of Krakow in the past times was a place to the Polish male monarchs. During this clip. the European political relations were altering really fast and peculiarly the German political relations. This was go oning during the clip after Hitler assumed the chancellor’s station in 1933. Since Hitler joined the German political relations. he had assorted visions and one of these was to take back the Sudetenland which was taken after German lost in the First World War. This district had been annexed by the Czechoslovakian democracy shortly before the terminal of the First World War in 1918. The Czechoslovakian democracy became the donee of this district after the German Empire and that of Austro Hungary were destroyed. This is the clip Hitler started prophesying the political relations of ethnicity. He incited the Germans in Sudetenland by stating them that they did non belong to Czechoslovakia but to Germany. ( Czech- German Declaration. 2006 ) His political relations and incitations materialized in 1935 when the Germans in that district started disso ciating themselves from Communists or what was termed as societal Democrats formed by the Sudeten pro-Nazi party. It should non be forgotten that at this clip. Schindler was in Sudetenland and he was a German. For this ground he was non left behind when others joined this party. The state of affairs turned rancid in 1938 when Hitler started doing claims on this district. He wanted it to be returned back to Germany. He threatened to take by force something that worried France and Britain. The two were non prepared for another war and for this ground they allowed him to take back the Sudetenland. During this period. Oskar Schindler often visited Krakow for his concern missions and by so he already knew a figure of people in the metropolis therefore he was approached by the intelligence unit of Germany military to assist them in acquiring information about the activities of the Polish military. Because of this new function he was given. he temporarily left the military service and he helped them by giving any relevant information that he could garner. Schindler who was an timeserving went to Krakow a hebdomad after Germany declared war in 1939 September foremost. He wanted to capitalise on this volatile state of affairs in doing net income. By fortune. the metropolis became the headquarter of the Nazi authorities. Schindler rapidly befriended the authorities functionaries who he knew would assist him in protecting his concerns. He borrowed capital from the affluent people. With this money he bought a kitchenware mill which he subsequently called it the Deutche Emailwaren Fabrik which started working in 1940 January. ( Fogelman E. 1994:51-78 ) He maintained his nexus with his employer who proved to be really utile in those seeking minutes. He continued to corrupt the right persons in the ground forces to protect and assist him in procuring contracts on the points that his mill produced like pots. ammos and pans. With the advice of Itzhak Stern who was a Judaic comptroller who served as a nexus between Schindler and the Jewish community at big. to work the inexpensive labour of the Jews. he staffed his company with the local Jews. It was easier to acquire inexpensive and dependable from these people as most of them were hapless and lived in ghettos. In the same twelvemonth that is in 1940. the antisemitism begun. Schindler was asked non to pay the Jews wages straight to them but through the SS or the Elite armed unit of the Nazi. Besides. another directive was passed that required all the Jews to resign this metropolis except those who were employed. This metropolis had about 56. 000 Jews. They started contending for occupation chances that were there though they could non suit the whole population. Schindler took advantage of this state of affairs by using non less than hundred and 50 Hebrews in his company. The Jews in this metropolis were ordered to place themselves decently by have oning a white arm set which was supposed to be four inches broad and with David’s star. By 1942. his company had expanded really much and produced kitchenware and ammos for the company enmasse. It occupied about 45. 000 sqm2 and was a place to approximately eight 100 people of whom 370 were Hebrews from the Krakow ghetto. Were it non for his corrupt trades with the Gestapo circles. he would non hold been every bit comfortable as he was. It was because of this that he managed to migrate from Zwittau to a good flat flat at Krakow. Schindler was there when the Jews severely needed person who would salvage them from being killed by the Gestapo. ( Brecher. E. J. 1994 ; 48-102 ) For the interest of his concern continuity he liaised with the S. S functionaries. At uneven hours at dark he would be seen with these officers and trailing beautiful adult females. He was a really cute Gambler who maintained a affable relationship with the Jews who worked for him. It is this good character of his that made him to be different from others who mistreated the Jews. Schindler neer at any clip opposed the Nazi’s move although he felt bad because of mindless violent death of Jews and that is why he offered 100s of them occupations in his company merely to salvage their lives. Though he was greedy for money. he put his egocentric motivations after salvaging the Jews. In a command to salvage the lives of the Jews he was ready to utilize his money though non acquiring net income and more so to put on the line his ain life. His concerns run usually despite the force that was being perpetrated by the Gestapo and the Nazis. It was saved by the position it acquired from the Poland’s military armaments inspectorate because it was deemed critical to their operations as it provided them with ammos. Whenever the SS officers threatened to behave the Jews to Auschwitz he resisted reasoning that such an act would impact the running of his company and the war stuffs would non be produced. He used false records to salvage kids. homemakers and attorneies by mentioning them as mechanics and smiths. He did this to protect the helpless people. kids and the unqualified people in general. He greatly risked his life and his concern by holding to protect these Jews. He was independently questioned by the Gestapo’s and sometimes even arrested but he would neer allow them endure in the custodies of the Germans. At one clip in 1943 he agreed to take a really hazardous journey to run into the American commission for the Joint Jewish Distribution. He traveled all the manner to Budapest and met Hungarian Jewry representatives. ( Byers A. 2005 ; 160 ) By this clip the ghetto’s population which was about 17. 000 had been reduced to 4000 or less due to the exiles that were ongoing. The warnings and qui vives that he made to the representatives of the Jewish community in Budapest fell on deaf ears. They could non believe his narrative. They said that Germans were human existences like others and that they could non make such a thing. In 1943 March. ( Sydnor C. W. 1995 ; 175 ) the whole ghetto was being destroyed wholly and those who remained were forcefully taken to the Plaszow labour cantonments someplace outside the Cracow metropolis. The officers who were supervising this settlement were his imbibing mate like Amon Goeth. Though really brutal. he convinced him to put a sub-camp for his workers in his mill. Schindler believed that if he was allowed to set them at that place. so would be able to maintain them alive with the nutrient that he bought in the black markets with his ain money. With Goeth by his side the company was saved together with all the workers inside. The SS guards were told non interfere with factory’s concern. During the emptying. those Hebrews who were strong plenty to work were taken to Plaszow labour cantonment. While the weak 1s were executed or sent to the decease cantonments. Schindler’s thought of get downing his ain cantonment dullard fruits after successfully assuring Goeth some payment if he cooperated with him. This mill was called Emalia. Inside here. the Jews were now saved. Though could non acquire plenty nutrient they led normal life unlike those in Plaszow. In maintaining the SS guards off from his mill he bribed them on a regular basis. In 1944 the position of Plaszow labour cantonments changed with the promotion of Russians. It ceased to be a labour cantonment and became a concentration cantonment. Its residents now were ferried to the decease cantonments like Auschwitz cantonment which had about 20. 000 work forces. kids and adult females. After Schindler was given a notice to evacuate. he reasoned with the supreme bid and was allowed to go on running the company he had started at Brunnlitz with his married woman in Sudetenland. All the workers in his Zablocie mill cantonment now had to be removed from that topographic point and taken to Brunnlitz. These workers plus some others who were from Plaszow cantonment were to be transferred. In entire. they were approximately eight 100s work forces among them were 700 Jews were taken to Gross Rosen while the 300 adult females were taken to Auschwitz. This was contrary to Schindler’s want and when he learned this he moved with velocity to procure his people. He managed to hold those at gross Rosen cantonment released. He besides sent personal secretary to Auschwitz to speak with the military commanding officers so that they could let go of the adult females. He succeeded in holding them released but on status that he would pay 7DM pro capita on day-to-day footing to the Gestapo officers. In the extinction camp no such a large group was of all time allowed to come out alive and this group was the first 1. Few people escaped these gas Chamberss. Schindler operated black market concerns merely to maintain the Jews alive. He was about arrested two times after it was alleged that he was involved in the black traffics and other signifiers of corruptness. He was suspected after the SS guards and the commanding officer like Geoth were found with money A ; jewellary purportedly belonging to the Jews. Schindler was even arrested on intuitions that he had a relationship with Goeth who was in gaol for being involved in activities connected with the black market. Schindler eventually managed to convert these Germans on his artlessness but it was because he was helped by his co-workers who occupied large place on the authorities. Immediately he was set free. he started seeking to see how the captured adult females would be released ; he made them see how indispensable these workers were to his mill. They let them travel after giving them diamonds as payoffs. After this event. he about refused to bring forth the stuffs that the authorities needed infact no utile shell was produced by his mill on stalking-horse that his mill was restoring itself but he was making this with a motivation of penalizing them. He made certain that all the shells did non run into the needed criterion. Schindler who was really sensitive to the rights of the Judaic people tried everything he could to guarantee they got what they needed and that they were save from apparent peculiarly on two occasions. The first 1 was about 100 and 20 Jews who had been working in a prey that was operated by the German’s Earth and Stoneworks Company at Goleszow a subdivision of Auschwitz cantonment. ( Roberts J. L. 1996 ; 36-58 ) With the coming of Russians in 1945. these work forces had to be transferred westward in cowss goaded waggons. This journey took them seven yearss without anything to eat or to imbibe. Some succumbed to decease before they reached Brunnlitz where Schindler’s mill was located. When Schindler saw them. he was really touched. He tried difficult to convert these functionaries how severely he needed those people but when the ladings were opened about a twelve organic structures was frozen. The SS commanding officers wanted to hold these organic structures incarcerated as it was the Nazi’s tradition usage but Schindler had to earnestly reason with the SS functionaries to hold them buried decently harmonizing to the Judaic entombment rites. He wanted to burry these organic structures in Catholic graveyard that was located in his ain secret plan. Finally a hundred were awfully ill and bony because deficiency of adequate nutrient. Others suffered from cryopathy and had to be put on medicine and good fed for sometime. He ensured that none of them was put to work in that status. Schindler sometimes was forced to make the unthinkable. Sometimes it’s difficult to state when he stopped working the Jewish community for his personal additions to go a defender of all those that were in danger of being either to a great extent punished or killed. There was a clip when in every bit much as he could hold wanted. he had no other option apart from making what he was told. Particularly when he was told to name all those Jews he would wish them saved. He found himself on the horns of the quandary unable to make up ones mind what to make but finally he selected some persons who were to be separated. He prepared a list of about 1100 people including his workers and others from Plaszow cantonment. The remainder were either sent to decease chamber or to the Auschwitz. ( Jeremy R. 2002 ; 42-97 ) Shortly before the terminal of the 2neodymiumuniverse war. Schindler in secret went back to German before the Russians who were rapidly progressing into Moravia caught up with them. He hid himself and went in to one of those districts that were under the authorization of the Allied forces. By this clip. things were non traveling as he wanted them to be because his mill was about fall ining. The beginning of the terminal of his company showed itself when he was made to travel from Krakow to Brunntz. He intentionally refused to bring forth quality merchandises so as to penalize the authorities. This continued for the following seven months and yet he was doing no net income. Another thing was the fact that whenever he had to portion with some hard currency as a payoff. This easy led him to bankruptcy. After the 2neodymiumuniverse war. he tried all that he could to resuscitate his concern but with no help. He even tried to travel to Munich to see whether he would thrive once more but nil was forthcoming. At this clip. he was wholly bust and had to trust on Judaic organisations for his care. Immediately. after Germany was defeated by the allied forces on 8Thursdaymay 1945. Schindler broke the intelligence to his workers. He gave them a little talk inquiring them non to seek retaliation for what the Nazi’s had done to the Jewish community at big. He asked them to detect a minute of silence in fear of those who lost their lives in that holocaust. He showed his grasp of all those who helped him in salvaging the Jews by thanking them even though they were non present. Before he left his Jews who regarded themselves as Schindler’s kids he was given a missive by them so that in instance he was arrested in hereafter for his workss. he would utilize it in certifying his good win and his heroic workss that he did during those seeking minutes. In thanking him they besides gave him a gold ring that was made by one of those who were imprisoned on it were inscribed that any individual who protects the life of human being it is as if he was the whole universe had been saved. Afterwards he headed to the E to salvage himself and his married woman from the progressing Russians. The Judaic that were left in the mill entirely were subsequently released by a certain Russian officer who was a lone Texas Ranger. After having some money from the Judaic distribution commission in 1949 due to work he did in salvaging Jews and in returning him for the batch he had spent in protecting the lives of the Jews. he proceeded to Argentina and settled at that place after he bought a piece of land. In the following one decennary. ( Paldiel M. 1993 ; 166-168 ) he wholly relied on the money that he received from Jewish’s organization’s. Subsequently in 1958 he left his beloved married woman in Argentina and himself returned to populate in West German. In Germany the Jews gave him money and used some of it in puting up a concern of cement at Frankfurt. This besides did non thrive and in 1961 it collapsed. From so onwards he lived on the little pension that he was given by the German authorities and the money that he was given by the well wishers. Schindler’s postwar period was of imbibing intoxicant. trailing adult females and seeking assorted concerns that neer succeeded. At place he was despised and criticized by many people because of protecting the Jews. His motivation of protecting them is something that remains a enigma to many. Even his closest friends can non state why he did that. He was an extraordinary individual who was able to lift above the racial differences to assist people who were non Germans like him and more so he did that work passionately. It was the tallness of humanity. No affair how this Catholic womaniser and an alky did behind scenes his finding to protect the Jews covered all these immoralities. After his concern collapsed. Schindler received an invitation to travel to Israel. This was first clip to set down on the dirt of Israel. He was pleased to see how he was received as opposed to how he was treated in his fatherland. Traveling to Israel became the beginning of his felicity as from that firs t clip. he would travel to Israel during the spring clip to hold a nice clip with Judaic society whom he saw and regarded as his ain progeny. ( Crowe DM. 2004 ; 529 ) Many of the subsisters pay their testimonial to Schindler for illustration a subsister by the name Murry who started a building house after the universe war II dedicated a figure of New Jersey’s street to their savior Schindler. Harmonizing to him. he saved the Jews because he was appalled by the insanity. ferociousness and sadism portrayed by the Nazi’s. He said that his scruples would non let him to stand aside and presume that nil was go oning and therefore he had to make what of all time he could to salvage these people. One twenty-four hours Bronia Gunz recalls how Schindler told them to delve Gravess so as to juggle the SS officers but promised to make anything in has power to salvage them. He went off for few yearss merely to return with a paper proclaiming they were saved and that there was no demand of delving Gravess. In the early portion of his life Schindler greatly exploited the labour of the Jews. He was motivated by Stern who was a Judaic man of affairs and an comptroller that it was cheaper to purchase Jews than to purchase poles. Before the oncoming of the First World War. Schindler was greatly driven by his passions. He was peculiarly driven by desires to acquire rich rapidly. This is the ground why he started befriending the Jews who at that clip lived in ghettos and were in despairing demand for money. He set up his mill at that metropolis to bask the handiness of inexpensive labour. At this point. Schindler was by no agencies justified to work the Hebrews by paying them peanuts. There was no external force per unit area whatsoever that forced him to make so. Subsequently. as the Second World War broke out. the Jews in Polish Corridor started being executed by Germans who wanted this part to be occupied merely by them. It is these beastly actions which were executed with a batch of pitilessness that made Schindler to take the class of action he took. He took it upon himself to offer these Hebrews work because all those who were non making any utile work were either taken to Plaszow where they were forced to work while the weak 1s were executed in gas Chamberss. At this clip Schindler’s actions of obtaining inexpensive labour could be justified because if he did non offer them occupations so it means they would hold been killed. Therefore. it is because of their position as employed workers that they escaped the gas Chamberss. ( Simpson P. . 2007 ) Another thing is that. there is no manner that he could hold paid more than he did and yet their dues were given to the Reich but non to them. Besides if he gave them what they deserved so. it would hold been upon themselves to look for nutrient and yet the outside environment was really volatile. No Jews would hold walked freely in those towns. It should be remembered that the money the money that they could hold been given was the same that was used to corrupt the Nazi’s and to construct the mill cantonment. I can reason this essay by stating that no affair how bad Schindler’s actions were ; like philandering. imbibing and even disassociating his married woman for other adult females. his ulterior portion of life erodes all the immoralities that he did in his past life. He did an action that no other German would hold done. He was able to lift above the political relations of racism merely to salvage lives. The ground why he did that remains a enigma to many and it is yet to be resolved. That is why he is celebrated as a hero in Israel merely like others who have become heroes due to their extraordinary workss. Mention: Brecher. E. J. Legacy:True Narratives of the List Survivors. New York. Dutton. 1994: 48- 102 Byers A. Oskar Schindler:Salvaging Hebrews from the Holocaust.Enslow. 2005 ; 160 Crowe DM. Oskar Schindler:The Untold Account of His Life War Activities and TheTrue Story Behind The List.West View Press. 2004 ; 529 Czech- German Declaration. 2006. Retrieved on January 30. 2008 hypertext transfer protocol: //eudocs. lib. byu. edu/index. php/Czech-German_Declaration Fogelman E.Conscience and Courage: Saviors of Jews during the Holocaust. New York: Doubleday. 1994: 51-78 Jeremy R. :Oskar Schindler: Righteous Gentile. New York Rosen Publishing Group. 2000 ; 42-97 Paldiel M.Oskar Schindler: In the Path of the Righteous Gentile Rescuers of Jews duringthe Holocaust.Hoboken N. J: Ktav Publishing House 1993 ; 166-168 Roberts J. L.Oskar Schindler San Diego: Lucent books 1996: 36-58 Sydnor C. W.Schindler Oskar: In World Book Encyclopedia Chicago: Universe Book 1995 ; 175 Steinhouse H.The Real Oskar Schindler. Saturday Night Magazine. April. 1994. Retrieved On January 30. 2008 hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419101067 Simpson P. Schindler’s List: St James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture. 2007. Retrieved on 30ThursdayJanuary 2008 Hypertext transfer protocol: //Findarticles. Com/P/Articles/Mi-G1epclis-Tovlai-2419101067

Why Should Marijuana Be Legalized Many People, Old And Young, Everywh

Why should marijuana be legalized? Many people, old and young, everywhere in the world, partake in the activity of smoking this plant and buying paraphernalia. There are many substantial reasons to use this plant, besides for extra-curricular purposes. Marijuana should be legalized because it's the holder of many beneficial uses including suppressing pain, raising the United States out of debt, saving millions of acres of forests, and creating jobs for many people. Through the legalization of marijuana, the U.S. could benefit immensely. Marijuana is the most widely used controlled substance in the United States. Since it is used so often, why not take the money it could create by selling it and help the economy. For every 1/8 ounce sold, the U.S. government could take 40% of the $40 or $45 with the other 60% going to the seller. The seller would have to be monitored by the government and would have to have licenses and have their crops tested for harmful fertilizers. Crime would also be affected in a positive way. Illegal drug crimes would drop, allowing the police to turn their attention to more serious problems. There is a marijuana smoker arrested every 45 seconds in the United States. Normally, they receive large fines and small jail time but repeat offenders can get up to five years. Sadly, rapists and murderers are able to get only one year. Do you really think smoking a joint is worse that raping and killing someone If marijuana were to be legalized, the jail would have room for criminals that deserve jail time for their crimes. Tax dollars that go to prosecuting and jailing these so called ?criminals' could go towards programs in helping inform smokers of how to do it responsibility. Drug dealers that dealt illegally would soon go out of business and drug smuggling would drop to a low. They would still sell cocaine and PCP and the other illegal drugs but they wouldn't have the same profit that they got prior because marijuana brings in su ch a large profit. Not only would legalization benefit the jails but also the world. Thousands of acres of forest that are destroyed daily would be saved. One acre of hemp can produce up to 4 times more paper than one acre of trees. Before trees can be harvested for use, they must grow anywhere between 20-50 years; while hemp only needs 4 months before it can be harvested. With hemp growing faster than trees, forests would stay erected; in turn, many endangered animals would be taken off the endangered species list. Many things can be made out of hemp and hemp oil. Some items include; clothing, soaps, butter, and rope. By using hemp, we could save the environment while creating everyday items. Why are alcohol and nicotine legal while marijuana is not? Alcohol and nicotine, like marijuana, are considered drugs. Alcohol brings out violence and abuse in many people, while users of marijuana are generally easygoing and relaxed while on it. Nicotine, if consumed in large enough quantities, causes immense harm to the users' body. And both nicotine and alcohol are addicting, while few users of marijuana develop dependencies. A substance shouldn't be illegal because it is addictive. Sex and food can be addictive for people and they are not banned. Many people think that the only people that smoke weed are unemployed lazy potheads, but that is not the case. About 10 million people smoked marijuana habitually last year. Most of these people were law-abiding citizens. If marijuana were to become legalized, there would have to laws to follow such as smokers could receive a fine for smoking in public. Or the United States could follow in the Netherlands footsteps. In the Netherlands, they legally sell marijuana on the street corners in little shops. Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands, is the marijuana capital of the world and because of that, many people refer to it as the most peaceful places in the world. Consumption of marijuana would also be much safer if the government regulated it. The government could easily control the amount sold and purchased, which would lower the percentage of drug abuse in the country. Also, if the government monitored marijuana crops, people smoking the plant

Gallium Facts (Atomic Number 31 or Ga)

Gallium Facts (Atomic Number 31 or Ga) Gallium is a bright blue-silver metal with a melting point low enough you can melt a chunk in your hand. Here are interesting facts about this element. Gallium  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 31 Symbol: Ga Atomic Weight: 69.732 Discovery: Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran 1875 (France) Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p1 Word Origin: Latin Gallia, France and gallus, a Latin translation of Lecoq, a cock (name of its discoverer was Lecoq de Boisbaudran) Properties: Gallium has a melting point of 29.78 °C, boiling point of 2403 °C, specific gravity of 5.904 (29.6 °C), specific gravity of 6.095 (29.8 °C, liguid), with a valence of 2 or 3. Gallium has one of the longest liquid temperature ranges of any metal, with a low vapor pressure even at high temperatures. The element has a strong tendency to supercool below its freezing point. Seeding is sometimes necessary to initiate solidification. Pure gallium metal has a silvery appearance. It exhibits a conchoidal fracture that it similar to a glass fracture in appearance. Gallium expands 3.1% on solidifying, so it should not be stored in a metal or glass container that can break upon its solidification. Gallium wets glass and porcelain, forming a brilliant mirror finish on glass. Highly pure gallium is only slowly attacked by mineral acids. Gallium is associated with a relatively low toxicity, but should be handled with care until more health data has been accumulated. Uses: Since it is a liquid near room temperature, gallium is used for high-temperature thermometers. Gallium is used to dope semiconductors and for producing solid-state devices. Gallium arsenide is used to convert electricity into coherent light. Magnesium gallate with divalent impurities (e.g., Mn2) is used to make commercial ultraviolet-activated powder phosphors. Sources: Gallium may be found as a trace element in sphalerite, diaspore, bauxite, coal, and germanite. Flue dusts from burning coal may contain as much as 1.5% gallium. The free metal may be obtained by electrolysis of its hydroxide in a KOH solution. Element Classification:Basic Metal Gallium Physical Data Density (g/cc): 5.91 Melting Point (K): 302.93 Boiling Point (K): 2676 Appearance: soft, blue-white metal Isotopes: There are 27 known isotopes of gallium ranging from Ga-60 to Ga-86. There are two stable isotopes: Ga-69 (60.108% abundance) and Ga-71 (39.892% abundance). Atomic Radius (pm): 141 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 11.8 Covalent Radius (pm): 126 Ionic Radius: 62 (3e) 81 (1e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.372 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 5.59 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 270.3 Debye Temperature (K): 240.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.81 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 578.7 Oxidation States: 3 Lattice Structure: Orthorhombic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 4.510 CAS Registry Number: 7440-55-3 Gallium Trivia: Galliums discover, Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran named the element after his home country France. The Latin word gallus means both Gaul which is an older name for France. It was believed he also named the element after himself because gallus also means rooster (or Le Coq in French). Lecoq later denied he named gallium after himself.The discovery of gallium filled a spot predicted by Mendeleevs periodic table. Gallium took the place of the placeholder element eka-aluminum.Gallium was first identified using spectroscopy by its distinct pair of violet spectral lines.Galliums melting point (302.93 K) is low enough to melt the metal in the palm of your hand.Gallium is the element with the highest range of temperatures for its liquid phase. The difference between galliums melting and boiling point is 2373  °C.Gallium is one of five elements with a melting point near room temperature. The other four are mercury, cesium, rubidium and francium.Gallium expands as it freezes like water. Gallium does not exist free in nature.Gallium is obtained as a byproduct in the production of zinc and aluminum.Most gallium produced today is used in electronics.Gallium nitride semiconductors are used the blue diode lasers of Blu-rayâ„ ¢ players.Gallium arsenide is used to produce ultra-brite blue LEDs.Liquid gallium is known for its ability to wet glass, porcelain and skin. Gallium forms a very reflective surface on glass making an excellent mirror.An amalgam of gallium, indium, tin is used in medical thermometers in place of the more traditional and toxic mercury thermometers.Gallium Beating Heart is one of the fun and easy chemistry demonstrations for chemistry students. Gallium Fast Facts Element Name: GalliumElement Symbol: GaAtomic Number: 31Group: Group 13 (Boron Group)Period: Period 4Appearance: Silver-blue metalDiscovery:  Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1875) Sources de Boisbaudran, Lecoq (1835–1965). Caractà ¨res chimiques et spectroscopiques dun nouveau mà ©tal, le gallium, dà ©couvert dans une blende de la mine de Pierrefitte, vallà ©e dArgelà ¨s (Pyrà ©nà ©es). Comptes rendus. 81: 493.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Design for manufacturer Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Design for manufacturer - Coursework Example Stereomicroscopes are used to examinespecimens under bothreflectedandtransmittedlight. Stereomicroscopes are used for imaging three-dimensional objects1. A Stereomicroscope providesgoodgroundsfor three-dimensional visualization of thesamplebeingtested, in thiscase, theprototype Acrylic displayhence an excellentqualitycontrolinspectiontool. Reducing complexity of the Acrylic displayunit is a costeffectiveproductionmethod. Unnecessary complexity is a majorcause of hiking costs of production. Production of standardunits would seetherealization of mass production at a lowcost. Reducingprototypedevelopmenttime is also a costeffectiveproductionmethod. Thedevelopmenttime can be reduced by putting 3-D digital prototyping technology at work that will speed up the prototyping process and foster more innovation. More technology can also be offered to reducethecost of production. Technology allowsdesignersandotherproductionpersonnel to work as teams, interactingquickly. Cooperation and working as a team give room to the achievement of the best possible solution. According to Evans & Lindsay (2013), surface hardness is the measure of how a material is resistant to changepermanently in shapewhenapplied a compressive force. Classification of surface hardness measurement can be into three methods, includingscratch, indentation, and rebound. Scratch is themeasure of howresistant a material is to permanent deformation due to friction from a sharpobject. Themostcommontestforscratch is Mohs scale. Mohs scalecharacterizesthescratchresistance of variousmaterialsusingthe sclerometer. Indentation hardness measurestheresistance of a material to deformation due to a compressioneffect of a sharpobject. Rebound hardness is themeasurestheheight of the rebound of a materialwhen an objectis released from thehigherground onto thematerial. A stereoscope is the device used to take measurements for the rebound2. Elasticity is thetendency of a material to return

Socioautobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Socioautobiography - Essay Example I had to know how to protect myself, but part of that protection meant keeping interest off of me when it came to possible threats. In Queens, in the middle of New York City and surrounded by millions of people, there was never enough space for me to go off and have any time to myself. I had to learn to make my own privacy even when surrounded by other people. I believe this quality has benefited me well in improving my ability to focus in distracting situations. I always lived in a two-parent household. I always knew that my parents loved me, my two brothers, and each other very much. These positive memories from my childhood have given me a stable foundation on which to build the rest of my life. My parents' example of a healthy marriage gave me the guidance I needed in my life to understand how stable relationships and happy families are built. I plan to take this knowledge and pass this on to my own children someday, whenever I decide it is time to take that next step forward wit h my life. My mother worked as a social worker and my father was a police officer. They raised me and my siblings in an extremely value-oriented household. I was taught from an early age to respect others and also to respect authority. My parents also raised me with a deeply-held belief in social responsibility. It was not enough for my family and for me to live in the world without actively causing harm to anyone. I also needed to do something that bettered my community and improved the world around me. As a result of these teachings from my parents, my two brothers followed in my father’s footsteps and became police officers for the city of New York. However, I wanted to do something different with my life and my career than the rest of my family. I had just enough of a rebellious streak in me that I felt it was necessary to leave home and try something new. However, this rebellious tendency was not enough for me to let go of the values my parents had taught me. As a result , my career choice was to join the military, which is a value-oriented career but one that was very different from anything my parents or siblings had ever done. I thought the military was a perfect choice for me, since I could expand on my existing skills and beliefs while seeing new places and experiencing all kinds of new things. For my first year after basic training, however, I felt that joining the military had been a huge mistake, possibly the biggest mistake I had ever made in my life. I was a child of the urban environment where I had grown up. Being sent to places like the farming community out in rural Texas, the location to which I was originally deployed after training, was a major shock. I missed being surrounded by all the activity and the bustle of the city. I felt like there was nothing for me out there, surrounded by nothing but mountains and empty desert all the way to the horizon. I also missed my family members and the closeness I had shared with them during my childhood. My parents and siblings all still lived in New York City. In fact, most of them still live in the neighborhood where I was born. I rarely had a chance to see them. At that time, joining up with the military seemed like the worst thing that had ever happened to me. Unsurprisingly, during my time in the military I was sent overseas to serve in Iraq. I completed two tours of duty there. It was an experience that I will never be able

Plan for Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Prevention

Plan for Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Prevention Healthy People 2020 identified intimate partner violence (IPV) as an increasing public health issue. Previously thought of as a private matter, IVP has received little attention by the health care sector. IPV affects millions, both men and women; it crosses racial, ethnic, religious, economic, and educational groups. The financial effects of IPV are estimated at $ 5.8 billion annually in the U.S. alone. The incidence of IPV is a growing public health issue and to raise awareness and education is a goal of the Healthy People 2020 initiatives (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). This objective may be attainable by the increased number of physician offices, medical clinics, emergency room waiting areas, and health department clinics distributing the printed educational information (pamphlets, brochures, and posters), as well as the information distributed by in-office educational television. The goal is increasing collaboration with distribution and posting of printed mate rials in the waiting areas and strategic places in medical facilities. Evaluation of the increased awareness of the medical community will be based on the number of agreements, of the offices, to distribute educational material and information. Short term goals will be to raise awareness and dissemination of information and knowledge pertaining to IPV. Long term goals will be to continue the increase of information to inter-office television information and broadcasting for intimate partner violence, and future classes through the health department and schools for IPV prevention and interventions. Articles reviewed from the CDC, American Association of College of Nurses, Crisis Prevention Centers, ENA, and American Family Physician agree that to inform and educate medical staff and patients about intimate partner violence, will help increase the community awareness of intimate partner violence. Key concepts include: healthcare professionals, domestic violence, interventions, education, and awareness. The Information-Motivation-Behavior-Skills Model (IMB) will be utilized to develop the plan for intimate partner violence prevention. The IMB model provides a platform to design interventions, to help instigate change in the pattern of behavior, and to develop prevention measures. This includes three concepts: 1) Information: targeting the concepts that are used make behavioral changes and ways to achieve changes. Information generates knowledge, which shapes attitudes, which leads to behaviors (Mehta, 2010). 2) Motivation: deals with personal attitudes toward positive health behavior and uses existing social support systems to enhance motivation. Motivation is of two types: personal motivation, which is based on personal attitudes toward behaviors, and social motivation are to engage in prevention based on social responsibilities (Mehta, 2010) 3) Behavior: actions that allow the learning of skills required to make a change. Behavioral skills are the individual’s ability and self-efficiency to performing the action required to make the behavioral change (Mehta, 2010). This framework is appropriate for the intended project as it includes the three elements needed to achieve practice and policy changes in most healthcare settings. Information targeting intimate partner violence, being displayed in medical facilities, will assist in making the employees of the facility, as well as the patients more aware. Motivation, even for well-informed individuals, is to undertake health promotion action and support the efforts toward awareness. Behavioral is based on if the individuals that have the knowledge and motivation, and have the required self-efficacy in carrying out a health promotion behavior plan (Mehta, 2010). Interventions are designed and implemented based on the health behavior. Presenting the information to make changes is the first step to any behavior change. The evaluation or outcome is conducted to assess the impact of the intervention to produce the desired effect. This model focuses on the individual by providing information and intervention on how to change the personal attitudes and behaviors, and the environmental by showing how health promotion may be affected by individual and social support systems (Gielen, 2003). Placing awareness information or education in medical facilities, in strategic spots, such as bathrooms, examine rooms, and waiting areas, will allow the patients the opportunity to read and take the pamphlets, brochures, or resource cards with them when leaving the premises (McClure, 1996). It also lets the patients know that the staff is supportive and understand the importance of interventions and support for those that need assistance, or just want to discuss the issue (B.J.Walton-Moss J.C.Campbell, 2002). Knowledgeable and supportive medical personnel may be able to refer the patient to the appropriate community resource or program. By displaying information openly, or discreetly, improves the chance of prevention and behavioral changes (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). The plan for increasing the awareness of medical facilities and clinics will include discussions with physicians, nurses, advanced nurse practitioners, and all other medical care providers that provide care and assist in decisions related to patient education and information displayed in the offices, clinics, or clinical settings. The planned direction of the discussions will be on the increased awareness, and agree to place educational material related to intimate partner violence, available community resources, resource cards, and hotline numbers for help. The addition of inter-office television information related to IPV will be discussed, and information on obtaining this programming will be furnished (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 2013). Information pertaining to patient screening and staff training related to continued education credits for the medical staff will be furnished (CEU.Fast.com, 2014). There are many governmental agencies that have the instructional materials, screening programs, and programs for staff development available at nominal costs, as well as programs that are free for many medical facilities that agree to participate in clinical prevention (VAWnet). When increasing the awareness of medical providers and their staff, on the public health issue of intimate partner violence, the added benefits of education and awareness of the public obtained through the medical office, may increase the community awareness and practice and attitudes toward IPV (Future Without Violence). The increased awareness may help in decreasing the incidence of IPV and the significant health issues related to IPV (Power). As it is the responsibility of all medical professionals to improve the health of their communities and the people of the community, it is the responsibility of the APN to be involved in community education and awareness of fellow medical professionals, on the complications and long term medical issues resulting from IPV, measures to prevent IPV, and educational measures that may be implemented for the prevention and assessment of this public health issue (Rhodes Levinson, 2003). References: B.J.Walton-Moss, D., J.C.Campbell, P. R. (2002, January). Intimate Partner Violence: Implication for Nurses. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 7(1). Retrieved February 2014, from http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategory/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodical/OJIN Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013, July). National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey. Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/nisvs/index Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Healthy People 2020. Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention: http://cdc.gov/nchs/healthy_people.htm CEU.Fast.com. (2014). Domestic Violence (Intimate Partner Violence). Retrieved from CEU.Fast.com: http://www.ceu.fast.com/course/domesticviolence Cronholm, P., Fogarty, C. M., Ambul, P. M., Harrison, S. M. (2011, May 5). Intimate Partner Violence. American Family Physician, 83(10), 1165-1172. Retrieved February 2014, from http://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/0515/p1165 Emergency Nurses Association. (2013, September). Intimate Partner Violence. Retrieved from Emergency Nurses Association: http://www.ena.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/PositionStatements Future Without Violence. (2013). Resource Material. Retrieved from Future Without Violence: http://www.secure3.convio.net/fopf/site/Ecommerce/1272334033? FOLDER Future Without Violence. (n.d.). The Call To Action: The Nurses Role in Routine Assessment for Intimate Partner Violence. Retrieved from Future Without Violence: http://www.futurewithoutviolence.org/userfiles/files/healthcare/nursing Healthy People 2020. (n.d.). Leading Health Indicators. Retrieved from Healthy People: http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/LHI/default McClure, B. R. (1996). Domestic Violence: The Role of the Health Care Professional. Michigan Family Review, 2(1), 63-75. Retrieved February 15, 2014, from http://www.hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.4919087.0002.15 Mehta, K. (2010). Information-Motivation-Behavior Skill Model. Retrieved from P500-FALL2010: http://www.p500fall2010-wiki-wikispace.com/information-motivation-behavior+skill+model National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2013). Setup Collaborative Models of Care: HealthCare About Intimate Partner Violence. Retrieved from National Coalition Against Domestic Violence: http://www.healthcareaboutipv.org/gettingstarted/set-up-multidisciplinary-collaborative-models Power, C. R. (n.d.). Domestic Violence: What Can Nurses Do? Retrieved from Crisis Prevention Interventions. Rhodes, K. M., Levinson, W. M. (2003, February 5). Intervention for Intimate Partner Violence Against Women. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(5). Retrieved from http://www.jamanetwork.com/article,aspx?articleid=195899 VAWnet. (n.d.). Publications on Domestic Violence. Retrieved from National Online Resource Center on Violence Against Women: http://www.nrcdv.org/dvam/catalog

Causes and Effects of Homelessness Essay -- homeless poverty

Homelessness is a problem virtually every society suffers from. There are many things that cause people to become homeless, such as unemployment, relationship problems, and being evicted from ones domicile either by a landlord, friend or even a family member. However, with every cause there must be an effect. Some of the effects of one becoming homeless, besides the obvious change of lifestyle, are various health problems which often times may lead to death. Many people find themselves in a predicament when they are living with a partner and the two decide to go their separate ways. Some people may not be able afford the cost of living on just their income alone, so when two people terminate a relationship where one depends on the other, both are often left homeless for a period of time. Unemployment is another major cause of people becoming homeless. When people lose their jobs and fail to find another within a reasonable amount of time, they will not be able to pay their rent or mortgage on time or even at all, causing them to look else where for shelter. Many people are not fortunate enough to have a family member that is willing, or capable, of taking them in and supporting them. The main cause of homelessness comes from people being evicted from their place of residence either by their parents, friends, or land lord. Parents will often kick their kids out of the house because they can not financially support them anymore, or t hey are just simply tired of their kids bumming off of them when they are perfectly capable of supporting themselves or at least contributing to the cost of living expenses. So many people are forced to live on the streets because of something as little as a relationship problem. All homeles... ...on someone, which is death. Homeless people die every day for various reasons. Some may die from malnutrition due to lack of food, some may die from being abused, beaten or murdered, and some may die from drug overdose. In one out of every four deaths in homeless people the cause of death is murder. One out of every six homeless people will attempt to take their own lives. In addition a homeless person’ life expectancy is approximately twenty years less than that of a person who is not homeless. There are many causes and effects of homelessness and it continues to be a problem in virtually all societies known to man. Regardless of what the causes of someone becoming homeless are, all homeless people will eventually suffer from some or all of the effects of being homeless, rather it be malnutrition, mental illnesses, abuse, drug addictions, or even death.

Is There Such a Phenomena as ‘Pilot Error’ in Aviation Accidents

The term ‘Pilot error’ has been attributed to 78%[1] of Army aviation accidents. Despite the technological advances in Rotary Wing (RW) aircraft i. e. , helicopters accidents attributed to technology failure are decreasing, whilst pilot error is increasing. Currently, RW accidents are investigated and recorded using a taxonomy shown to suffer difficulties when coding human error and quantifying the sequence of events prior to an air accident. As Human Factors (HF) attributed accidents are increasing, lessons aren’t being identified nor the root cause is known. Therefore, I propose to introduce Human Factors Analysis and Classification system (HFACS) an untried taxonomy to the UK military developed as an analytical framework to investigate the role of HF in United States of America (USA) aviation accidents. HFACS, supports organizational structure, pre-cursors of psychological error and actual error; but little research exists to explain the intra-relations between the levels and components, or the application in the military RW domain. Therefore, I intend to conduct post-hoc analysis using HFACS of 30+ air accidents between 1993 to present. Implications of this research are to develop a greater understanding of how Occupational Psychology (OP) can help pilots understand HF, raise flight awareness and reduce HF attributed fatalities. Introduction â€Å"On 2 June 1994 an RAF Chinook Mk2 helicopter, ZD 576, crashed on the Mull of Kintyre on a flight from RAF Aldergrove to Fort George, near Inverness. All on board were killed: the two pilots, the two crewmembers and the 25 passengers. This was to have been a routine, non-operational flight, to take senior personnel of the security services to a conference. The sortie was planned in advance; it was entirely appropriate for these pilots, Flt Lts Jonathan Tapper and Richard Cook, and for the aircraft, ZD576, to have been assigned this mission. An RAF Board of Inquiry (BOI) was convened following the accident and carried out a detailed investigation. BOIs are established to investigate the cause of serious accidents, primarily, to make safety recommendations but, at the time of this crash, to also determine if human failings were involved. Their conclusion, after an exhaustive investigation was there was not one single piece of known fact that does not fit the conclusion that this tragic accident was a controlled flight into terrain. † The BOI found no evidence of mechanical failure and multiple witnesses stated that the aircraft appeared to be flying at 100ft at 150 knots there was no engine note change, the aircraft didn’t appear to be in distress and at the crash scene the throttle controls were still in the cruise position (not at emergency power if collision with the ground was imminent). 2] So the causation moved to Human Factors (HF). But some questions remain unanswered, on that fateful day why did these seasoned and experienced pilots fly their aircraft and passengers into a hillside at 150 knots. If this accident was attributed to HF it now appears to some that the aircrew themselves are more deadly than the aircraft they fly (Mason, 1993: cited in Murray, 1997). The crucial issue therefore is to understand why pilots Flt Lts Jonathan Tapper and Richard Cooks’ actions made sense to them at the time the fatal accident happened. Relevance of Research So why is this topic relevant to OP research? The British Army branch of aviation is an organization called the Army Air Corps (AAC) and in keeping with the trends of the other two services the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force, it has seen a steep decline in accidents in recent years. However, accidents attributed to Human Factors (HF) have steadily risen and are responsible for 90% of all aviation accidents. [3]. This research will depart from the traditional perspective of the label â€Å"pilot error† as the underlying causation of Aviation accidents, whereby current theory and research purport a ‘systemic’ approach to human factors investigation of Aviation accidents. This approach is derived from Reasons Model of Accident Causation, which examines the causal factors of organizational accidents across a spectrum of sectors from; nuclear power industry (e. g. , Chernobyl), off-shore oil and gas production (e. g. Piper Alpha) to transportation (e. g. Charring Cross) (Reason 1990). This approach recognizes that humans, as components of socio-technical systems, are involved in designing, manufacturing, maintaining, managing and operating aviation systems including the methods of selecting and assessing potential employees to the aviation industry from Pilots, Cabin crew, Engineers and Baggage handlers. Therefore, our ability to identify, understand and manage these potential issues enables us to develop systems that are more error-tolerant, thus reducing risk and the potential for accidents. I intend to be able to provide a more consistent, reliable and detailed analysis of HF causal factors that attribute to aviation accidents within the AAC. On average, the AAC experiences around 6 major accidents per year, although a record year was recorded with only two accidents in 1993. However, in 1992 aviation accidents cost over ?10M[4] in taxpayer’s money. Usually the causation of accidents are classified (human error, technical failure or operational hazard). Whilst there was a reduced figure of ?1M for 1993, the satisfaction of this financial success was marred by the fact that one of the two accidents resulted in a fatality. However, it is the concept of human error or pilot error that dominates the outcome of most BOIs particularly when there are fatalities. Current taxonomies used to classify accident causal groups do not extend beyond this distinction although more recently organizational factors have been included to reflect a more systemic view of accident causation. However, the HF domain is extensive and current taxonomies employed by the AAC do not encapsulate this. By using HFACS (currently adopted by the US Navy, Army, Airforce, and Coast Guard), a human error orientated accident investigation and analysis process; I will conduct post-hoc analysis of 30+ category four and five accidents from 1993 to present day. Literature review Before we start to look at any reduction in Air Accidents we need to grasp an understanding of category of accident. How many times when we hear about air accidents, â€Å"it was pilot error†, merely noting HF was responsible doesn’t prevent repetition nor identify any critical lessons, plus the description is far too generic. The term pilot error doesn’t assist us in understanding the processes underlying what leads to a crash, nor does it give us a means to apply remediation or even identify lessons to prevent re-occurrence. The other issue is that it is very seldom one single factor caused the helicopter to crash. Professor RG Green (1996) uses a categorization method: Modes of failure, Aircrew Factors and System failures. Within each of these exist sub-categories. E. g. , in Modes of Failure category lists a number of common errors made by the individual or individuals from; selective attention, automatic behaviour, forming inappropriate mental models, affects of fatigue and perceptual challenges leading to spatial disorientation, particularly common to RW flight. Aircrew factors, refers to background factors relevant to individuals: decision-making, personality, problem solving, Crew composition, Cockpit Authority Gradient (CAG) and Life stress. Finally, the systems factors applicable to the organization that we serve under, termed enabling conditions such as: Ergonomics, Job pressures and Organizational Culture. Bodies of Research Now, human error doesn’t just happen, usually a sequence of events will unfold prior to the accident. Human error is often a product of deeper problems; they are systematically connected to features of the individual’s tools, tasks and the surrounding media (Dekker, 2001). Therefore, in order to provide remediation through the development of strategies it is vital that we understand the various perspectives experienced through flight and how these could effect a pilot; these range from: cognitive, ergonomic, behavioural, psychosocial, aeromedical, and the Organizational Perspectives (Weigmann and Shappell 2003). Within the environment of human performance error is a unique state of a pilot’s operational environment that could be affected by anyone of, or all of the perspectives. Rasmussen (1982) utilized a cognitive methodology to understanding aircraft accidents. O’Hare et al. (1994) described the system as consisting of six stages: ‘detection of stimulus; diagnosis of the system; setting the goal; selection of strategy; adoption of procedure; and the action stage'. The model was found to be helpful in identifying the human errors involved in aviation accidents and incidents (O’Hare et al. 1994). One draw back being that these models using cognition are operator centric and do not consider other factors such as; the working environment, task properties, or the upervisory and work organization (Wiegmann and Sappell, 2001c). Edwards (1972) developed the ‘HELS system' model, which was subsequently called the ‘SHEL' model. Citing that Humans do not perform tasks on their own but within the context of a system; initially SHEL was a system focusing on the ergonomics and considered the man-machine interface. A tool that can be appli ed to investigate air accidents through the evaluation of human-machine systems failure. The ‘SHEL' model categorizes failure into: software, hardware, liveware and environment conditions. However the SHEL model fails to address the functions of management and the cultural aspects of society. Empirical findings Bird’s Domino Theory (1974) views accidents as a linear sequence of related factors or series of events that lead to an actual mishap. The theory covers the five-step sequence First domain Safety/Loss of control, the second domain, basic causes, identifies the origin of causes, such as human, environment or task related. The immediate causes include substandard practices and circumstances. The fourth domain involves contact with hazards. The last domain could be related to personal injury and damage to assets (Bird, 1974; and Heinreich, et al. , 1980). It is much like falling dominos each step causes the next to occur. Removing the factors from any of the first three dominos could prevent an accident. This view has been expanded upon by Reason (1990). Reason’s ‘Swiss cheese' model fig 1, includes four levels of human failure: organizational factors, unsafe supervision, preconditions for unsafe acts and unsafe acts. The HFACS was developed from this model in order to address some of limitations. The starting point for the chain of event is the organization ‘Fallible decisions' take place at higher levels, resulting in latent defects waiting for enabling factors (Reason, 1990). Management and safe supervision underpins any air operation through flight operations, planning, maintenance and training. However, it is the corporate executives, the decision makers who make available the resources, finances and set budgets. These are then cascaded down through the tiers of management and to the operator. Now this sounds like an efficient and effective organization and according to Reason failures in the organization come about by the breakdown in interactions and holes begin to form in the cheese. Within an organization unsafe acts may be manifested by lack of supervision attributed to organizational cultures operating within a: high-pressure environment, insufficient training or poor communication. The latent conditions at the unsafe supervision level promote hazard formation and increase the operational risks. Working towards the accident, the third level of the model is preconditions for unsafe acts. Performance of the aircrew can be affected by fatigue, complacency, inadequate design and their psychological and physical state (USNSC, 2001; Shappell and Wiegmann, 2001a; Wiegmann and Shappell, 2003). Finally, the unsafe acts of the operator are the direct causal factor of the accident. These actions committed by the aircrew could be either intentional or unintentional (Reason, 1990). The ‘Swiss cheese' model sees the aviation environment as a multifaceted system that does not work well when an incorrect decision been taken at higher levels (Wiegmann and Shappell, 2003). The model depicts a thin veneer of cheese the veneer symbolizing the defence against Aviation accidents and the dotted holes portray a latent condition or active failure. It is a chain of events that usually lead to an accident however as errors are made the holes begin to appear in the cheese, a datum line penetrates the cheese and if all the holes pass through the line, then a catastrophic failure occurs and a crash ensues. These causal attributions of poor management and supervision (organizational perspective) may only be unearthed if equipment is found in poor maintenance (ergonomic). If the organizational culture is one of a pressured environment then this could place unnecessary demands on the aircrew producing fatigue (Aeromedical). Or management could ignore pilots’ concerns if the CAG was at imbalance (psychosocial perspective). All of these factors could hinder and prevent aircrew from processing and performing efficiently in the cockpit, which could result in pilot error followed later by an Air Accident. However, with Reasons model it doesn’t identify what the holes in the cheese depict. For any intervention strategy to function and prevent reoccurrence the organization must be able to identify the causal factors involved. The important issue in a HF investigation is to understand why pilots’ actions made sense to them at the time the accident happened (Dekker, 2002). HFACS was specifically developed to define latent and active failures implicated in Reasons Swiss Cheese model so it could be used an accident investigation and analysis tool (Shappel and Weigmann, 1997; 1998; 1999; 2000; 2001). The framework was developed and refined by analyzing hundreds of accident reports containing thousands of human causal factors. Although designed originally for use within the context of the military aviation HFACS has shown to be effective within the civil aviation arena as well (Wiegmann and Shappel, 2001b). Specifically HFACS describes four levels of failure; each one corresponds to one of the cheese slices of Reasons model. These are a) Unsafe acts b) Pre-conditions for Unsafe acts c) Unsafe supervision and d) Organizational influences (Weigmann and Shappel, 2001c) Methodology By using a combination of qualitative (i. e. the process of recoding causal factors based on individual and group discussions) and quantitative (causal factor analysis of recoded narratives against HFACS taxonomy) research methodologies to identify further causal groups to be used in classifying accidents and to assess the validity of the HFACS framework as a tool to classify and analyze accidents. Data to be used in this study will be derived from the narrative findings of AAC BOIs conducted between 1990 and 2006[5]. This should equate to approximately 30-35 narratives to be used in the analysis. Authority to access the Board of Inquiry library has been granted by the Army's Flight Safety and Standards Inspectorate, which is the AAC organization responsible for conducting Aviation accident investigations and analysis. Data will only be used that comprises of category 4 accidents (single fatalities and severe damage to aircraft) and category 5 (multiple fatalities and loss of aircraft). In addition to the narrative description in the report, the following information will also be collected: the type of mission in which the accident happened (e. . low-level flying, exercise, HELEARM[6]); the flight phase (e. g. take-off, in the hover, flight in the operational area, approach, and landing); the rank of the pilot(s) (to measure CAG and see if this is a contributory factor) involved and the type and category of aircraft. This study will concentrate on all Army helicopters; including all variants of the Lynx, Gazelle and Squirrel trainer. Coding frames will be developed and tested for use in the final recoding exercise. An Occupational Psychologist from the Human Factors epartment of the MOD will supervise the training and the coders will be a number of RW pilots with a minimum of 1000hours flying time at the time of the research. Each pilot will be provided with a workshop in the use of HFACS framework. This is to ensure parity and that all coders understand the HFACS categories. After the period of training the raters will be randomly assigned air accidents so that two independent raters can independently code each accident. It is intended to code the inter-rater reliability on a category-by-category basis. The degree of agreement (the inter-rater reliability) initially between the two coders will be achieved by Cohens Kappa (Cohen, 1960;Landis and Koch, 1977). SPSS v. 15. 0 will be used to quantify the frequency of causal factors of the 30+ narratives. It is also hoped to compare the inter-rater reliability between all the coders using Fleiss Kappa. Fleiss’s Kappa assessment method is used to measure the similarity agreement of observers and treats them symmetrically (Fleiss, 1981). The level of agreement between the raters is statistically measured against what could be achieved through chance. The Kappa level range would be classed as achieving moderate inter reliability if it were between 0. 41-0. 60. Cohen’s Kappa is based on the statistical measurement analysis of the level of agreement between raters in excess of (Landis and Koch, 1977). Discussion The research intends to apply an untried methodology not as yet sanctioned by the UKs Ministry of Defence in order to analyze a number of Air Accidents within the AAC between 1993 and present day. Thirty plus serious Category 4 and 5 accidents will be re-classified using the taxonomy of HFACS. It is intended where pilot error was the cause, to identify the HF associated and attribute to each accident. It is also hoped that the HFACS taxonomy can accommodate the HF identified during re-coding and therefore provide tangible evidence that HFACS could be used by the AAC as a reliable tool. It is hoped a number of comparison analysis can be achieved and are accidents more prevalent when flying in visual meteorological conditions (VMC) or poor visibility instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) therefore two sets of visual conditions; VMC and daylight or impoverished visual conditions IMC or twilight/nighttime. Wiegmann, D. A. and Shappell, S. A. (2003). What would also be interesting was the causation and aircrew behaviours of fatal and non-fatal accidents and are these more prevalent on operations or during training. The author was in Afghanistan 2006 and over 6-month period there wasn’t a single crash let alone fatality. But the AAC records 6 crashes a year so again this is worthy of investigation. The ranks of the pilot is also worthy of interest with regards to achieving a good CAG there may be causal evidence to indicate that an imbalance between ranks could have lead to an aircrash. The Organizational hierarchy will; also be researched is it one specific organization that keeps having crashes is there an issue with the pressures placed on the pilots by the organization. The inter-rater reliability will also be calculated by using Fleiss Kappa which will work for more than two raters, it is intended that an acceptable level of inter rater reliability will be recorded. In addition, the intra-rater reliability as a holistic measurement is hoped to be high in order to support the credibility of the results. An Organization could benefit from gaining a standardized, consistent coding methodology and that data can be used for identifying trends and intervention strategies can then target these trends in accident causation. It is hoped that granularity can be achieved beyond the label â€Å"pilot error† and identify the underlying causation of the accident. If successful and if HFACS is adopted UK military wide, perhaps the real cause of why ZD576 flew into the Mull of Kyntre could be unearthed. If other Military organizations can reap success then HFACS could be a reliable tool to identify causation and could be used in accident investigation. Ethics I will comply fully with the BPS[7] ethical principles when conducting research with human participants. All identifiable information relating to individuals discussed in the narrative findings will be removed in accordance with the data protection act, for the purposes of analysis and reporting. All participates will be fully appraised of my research, recognize that all the coders are volunteers and give informed consent before the research and to understand how the information will be used. The coders will be reviewing material depicting instances of fatalities therefore it is important that the coders do not come to any psychological harm, over and above the risk of harm in ordinary life (participants will be invited to contact me if participation causes concern at any time or to ask questions). Maintaining a good rapport particularly with the coders is also a desirable. Being an Aeronautical Engineer should also bridge any cultural gaps and maintain a good working relationship.